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Government plays a critical role in mitigating individual and collective vulnerability to disaster. Through measures such as disaster relief, infrastructure development, and environmental regulation, public policy is central to making societies more resilient. However, the recent drive to replace public institutions with market mechanisms has challenged governmental efforts to manage collective risk. The contributors to this volume analyze the respective roles of the public and private sectors in the management of catastrophic risk, addressing questions such as: How should homeland security officials evaluate the risk posed by terrorist attacks and natural disasters? Are market-based interventions likely to mitigate our vulnerability to the effects of climate change? What is the appropriate relationship between non-governmental organizations and private security firms in responding to humanitarian emergencies? And how can philanthropic efforts to combat the AIDS crisis ensure ongoing access to life-saving drugs in the developing world? More generally, these essays point to the way thoughtful policy intervention can improve our capacity to withstand catastrophic events.
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- Sales Rank: #1811887 in eBooks
- Published on: 2010-06-01
- Released on: 2010-06-01
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
Disaster, from the climate and the hands of man, may well be the problem of the twenty-first century. This brilliant volume introduces new and important ways to think about catastrophe, politics, and risk. It is required reading, not just for social scientists who study crises, but for anyone who cares about preventing them as well.
(Eric Klinenberg, New York University, author of Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago and Fighting for Air: The Battle to Control America's Media) About the Author
Andrew Lakoff is associate professor of anthropology, sociology and communication at the University of Southern California. He is the author of Pharmaceutical Reason: Knowledge and Value in Global Psychiatry, and coeditor, with Stephen J. Collier, of Biosecurity Interventions: Global Health and Security in Question. His current research concerns the intersection between global health and national security in the development of approaches to new biological and environmental threats.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
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Introduction
Andrew Lakoff
"It's laissez-faire until you get in deep shit." -- John Gutfreund, former CEO of Salomon Brothers
In late October 2007, a series of wildfires raged uncontrollably in Southern California, surrounding the suburbs of Los Angeles and San Diego and moving rapidly toward the urban core of San Diego. Over half a million residents were evacuated from their homes, a federal emergency was declared, the U.S. Marines and National Guard were mobilized, and President Bush flew to the region to demonstrate the government's commitment to those in need. A combustible mixture of gusting winds, heat, and stores of dry brush was blamed for the conflagration. But as a number of commentators noted, the magnitude of the disaster could not be attributed solely to these forces of nature. The scale of the firestorm also pointed to the San Diego region's failure to enact regulatory measures or devote public resources that would mitigate wildfire risk. The region's politicians had been unwilling to implement zoning regulations to stem rapid housing development into the parched backcountry where fire risk was especially high. And San Diego voters had declined to fund improvement to the city's strapped fire department, even in the wake of catastrophic wildfires that had swept through San Diego County four years earlier.
A relatively minor but telling episode during the 2007 fires pointed to a central issue in this volume: the role of public-sector intervention in mitigating the risk of catastrophe. As local firefighters, overwhelmed by the firestorm, awaited assistance from other regions, the "Wildfire Protection Unit" of American International Group Inc. (AIG) passed through barricades to protect specific properties in the wealthy northern suburbs of San Diego -- those houses belonging to members of AIG's Private Client Group, for which membership cost an average of $19,000 per year. Whether the flames would destroy the homes of area residents thus potentially depended on how much they had paid for private insurance -- a throwback to the nineteenth century, before governments took on the responsibility of firefighting in the United States.
AIG would, of course, become infamous a year later, when it found itself at the center of another conflagration. This time the disaster was far more widespread: a global financial crisis whose scale and catastrophic potential outstripped the worst scenarios envisioned by economic planners. The insurance giant's reckless entry into the under-regulated market for mortgage-backed securities was widely cited as one source of the financial system's calamitous failure. Analogies were made to the great crash of 1929. Some analysts suggested that the nation -- and the world -- was facing a period of economic decline that would rival the Great Depression. Government officials worked feverishly to assuage an anxious public and to enact regulatory reforms and stimulus measures to keep the financial firestorm from spreading. Soon after inheriting this crisis, newly inaugurated President Barack Obama warned that a failure to act boldly could "turn crisis into catastrophe." But according to what norms would new regulations to protect against catastrophe be developed? And what kind of institution could be created that would have the power to monitor and intervene in potential financial disaster across the globe?
Such questions were salient across multiple domains -- not only to the financial system, but also to environmental, health, and security risks. Indeed, the first decade of the twenty-first century was punctuated by a series of domestic and international emergencies, each of which challenged extant means of governmental intervention. To list a few of the most visible such events: the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax letters that followed; the 2004 tsunami that devastated huge areas of south and Southeast Asia; the flooding of New Orleans in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005; and ongoing calamities, such as the intensifying AIDS pandemic in the global South and the brutal conflict in Darfur, that continued to provoke calls for urgent intervention.
These domestic and international emergencies of the new millennium were quite disparate in cause, geographic reach, and temporal frame. However, their juxtaposition highlights certain features of the contemporary politics of intervention into disaster. First, in each case the onset of an "emergency" situation made it possible to galvanize governmental response -- whereas earlier proposals for preventive measures could not muster political support. Second, the perceived failures of governments to prevent or adequately prepare for these events generated their own political crises. In the case of Hurricane Katrina, for example, the Department of Homeland Security's slow and poorly organized response played a major role in the decline of the Bush administration's public legitimacy. And third, there were vocal disagreements among experts both over the appropriate measures for managing these emergencies and over the locus of responsibility for implementing such measures.
The issue of the management of catastrophic risk is linked to broader current debates over the relative roles of the state, the private sector, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in ensuring collective security. This volume seeks to contribute findings from recent social scientific research to such discussions. It is part of the Social Science Research Council's project on "The Privatization of Risk," led by Craig Calhoun and Jacob Hacker. The project considers the ways in which the distribution and management of collective risks has changed over recent decades. It analyzes the social and economic effects of efforts to replace public institutions with market mechanisms, shifting the burden of risk to those without substantial private wealth.
The term "disaster" does not connote a unified field of events. Just to take two examples from this volume: a catastrophic natural disaster and the prospect of global warming obviously call for different types of interventions, given their different scales and temporalities. An acute emergency demands immediate stabilization in a specific area, whereas the prospect of gradual -- if calamitous -- environmental transformation points toward prudent regulatory intervention on a global scale. However, juxtaposing these disparate kinds of events calls attention to the political stakes involved in understanding an event -- or potential event -- as a disaster.
There is a paradox inherent to the use of the term "disaster." On the one hand, it can bring public attention and resources to bear on a situation that "normal" circumstances cannot, even when such normalcy involves intense suffering. This has to do with the sense -- from the old notion of an "act of God" -- that a disaster could not have been avoided, that it was not foreseeable or preventable. Victims are not responsible for their suffering and thus are deserving of relief. On the other hand, since this attention and these resources are contingent on an acute temporality, the kinds of interventions implied by the notion of disaster are difficult to sustain in the long term. It is hard to generate political will to act in advance to avoid or to mitigate the effects of disasters. One question for the politics of intervention, then, is whether there are ways to take advantage of the attention and resources that "disasters" (whether in the present, as in wildfires, or in the future, as in climate change) galvanize while designing political technologies that diminish vulnerability and are sustainable in the long term.
Over the course of the twentieth century, governments played an increasing role in the management of collective risks -- whether from natural disasters, outbreaks of infectious disease, or economic downturns. However, the increasing complexity and interdependence of systems for sustaining collective well-being as well as the emergence of risks deriving from modern technologies themselves have exceeded the capacities of many of the risk management practices initially developed in the industrial era. Such modernization risks include climate change, mass casualty terrorist attacks, international financial crises, and novel infectious diseases that have emerged as a result of ecological transformation. The challenge to risk management comes both from the difficulty of assessing the probability of unprecedented events within frameworks based on statistical calculation and from the temporal and spatial extent of the consequences of such events. In this context, governments face renewed uncertainty over the appropriate political and technical measures to mitigate the risk of disaster. As the sociologist Ulrich Beck writes, "We live in a world that has to make decisions concerning its future under the conditions of manufactured, self-inflicted insecurity."
The contributions to this volume focus on the political and technical challenges faced in governmental efforts to approach these new forms of catastrophic risk. The question is especially pressing in the case of threats whose probability is difficult or impossible to calculate, but whose consequences could be catastrophic. Such threats typically defy extant means of regulation both in terms of their incalculability and in terms of their scale. The essays ask how the category of catastrophic risk should be rethought in order to provide for more resilient critical systems and more sustainable practices of disaster management.
In her chapter, "Beyond Calculation: A Democratic Response to Risk," science studies scholar Sheila Jasanoff argues that contemporary catastrophic risks have escaped the control of technocratic managers and should be understood more broadly as a problem for democratic governance. She begins by noting a series of uncertainties that such risks raise for government: First, experts face analytic limits in assessing the impacts of potentially global catastrophes. Se...
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my husband needed it for one of his classes that he teaches at EMPIRE STATE COLLEGE, excellent topic and book the students love it
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